More than a week has passed and our Arts and Culture members had time to digest this Oscars season… Here are their thoughts on the results for Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Actress!
Ana Cardoso– A&C Member and Writer
For best picture and actress, my bet was on Fernanda Torres and Ainda Estou Aqui. The film delivers a deeply moving narrative about resilience and identity, following a young woman’s journey of self-discovery after an unexpected loss. Its emotional depth and powerful performances made it my favorite. However, Mikey Madison and Anora took home the win—an unexpected but understandable choice. The film, which tells the captivating story of a woman navigating love and survival in a world that constantly underestimates her, captivated audiences with its authenticity and storytelling. While Anora’s victory came as a surprise, its impact on indie movies is undeniable. Finally, best actor was none other than Adrien Brody. Performance after performance, Adrien has consistently proven his brilliance as an actor.
His ability to fully immerse himself in complex and emotionally charged characters is remarkable, making us believe in every emotion as if it were his own. In Brutalist, Adrien elevates his performance to the level of the one that secured him his first Oscar. No surprise here—this win was well-deserved.
Anora (2024) won big at the 2025 Oscars, including Best Actress and Best Picture. (Image credit: Getty Images / Jeff Kravitz)‘Anora’ Poster, 2024Sean Baker, diretor de ‘Anora’ — Foto: Mike Coppola / GETTY IMAGES NORTH AMERICA / Getty Images via AFPSean Baker and Mikey Madison pose at the Los Angeles premiere of “Anora.” (AP Photo/ Chris Pizzello)Top L to R: Vache Tovmasyan, Karren Karagulian; bottom L to R: Yura Borisov, Mikey Madison, Mark EydelshteynRed Gaskell
Marco Pagliacci– A&C Member and Writer
For best picture, Anora is definitely an unconventional and unexpected choice. The film has a good pace and keeps the viewer engaged, the film breaks traditional patterns, but I struggled to connect with the protagonists and fully understand the reasons behind their actions in a love story without love. However, the ending redeems it, offering a reflection on the hidden fragilities beneath the surface. I wasn’t particularly struck by Mikey Madison’s performance, which felt primarily physical rather than deeply expressive. While undeniably intense, it lacked the emotional depth needed to make the character truly compelling. It’s not even comparable to Emma Stone’s performance last year, which had layers and complexity.
For best actor, it was a well-deserved and anticipated victory for Adrien Brody, who captivated with an extraordinary and nuanced performance, as said in his final speech that can and should teach us something. In the final stretch, it seemed that Timothée Chalamet, with his portrayal of Bob Dylan, could threaten Brody’s win. However, Brody’s deeper and more personal interpretation of the drama ultimately triumphed, making him the rightful winner.
Marta Nascimento– Head of Arts & Culture
Best Picture’s winner was unexpected! But I loved the love that Anora got! It told such a striking story with layered characters (especially Anora) all brought together by Sean Baker’s beautiful cinematography. Mikey Madison also deserved to win, I think her part in Anora showed great range for her as an actor, especially considering her more laid back personality in real life. I was rooting for her and obviously for Fernanda Torres who I thought was outstanding in I’m Still Here. For best actor, I confess I was rooting for Colman Domingo or Timothee Chalamet but, nevertheless, Adrien Brody delivered, as always, an outstanding performance in The Brutalist (was it worth such a long speech though?).
‘The Brutalist’, A24 (2025)Adrien Brody plays immigrant architect László Tóth in the film, “The Brutalist.” (A24)Lionel Hahn/Getty Images (2025)Adrien Brody accepting his award Photograph: Rob Latour/REX/Shutterstock
Mafalda Carvalho– A&C Member and Writer
Regarding the best actress and best pictures awards, although my Portuguese-speaker pride would have liked to see I’m Still Here and Fernanda Torres much deservedly win, I can definitely say that Anora and Mikey Madison were my second favorites. Anora was my first Sean Baker film, and I was not ready for it. The movie and performances are incredibly realistic, conveying all the pain, joy, and discomfort felt by the characters, which can only be achieved through a deep research and understanding of the realities they depict. Sean Baker, as in all his movies, and Mikey Madison alike sure did a good job at this, especially seeing how the actress’ seemingly demure character, in interviews, contrasts with the lively, almost feisty, Anora.
As for Adrien Brody winning best actor, with The Brutalist, although neither actor nor movie were favorites of mine, it is undeniable that Adrien Brody delivers, once more, an impeccable performance. Nonetheless, I believe that the academy has looked past incredibly talented nominees, namely Timotheé Chalamet in A Complete Unknown, and Colman Domingo in Sing Sing.
On March 10th, the Trump Administration announced that 83 percent of the programs run by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) would be canceled. This decision follows a series of actions targeting USAID, including placing its officials on paid leave, discussing the agency’s potential shutdown, and labeling it as being run by “radical left lunatics” and a corrupt institution that misuses taxpayer money. The first major move came with a freeze on approximately 90% of USAID grants and contracts worldwide—making the latest cuts less surprising.
Feb. 28, 2025, Washington. A senior advisor at USAID, is consoled by a co-worker after having 15 minutes to clear out her belongings from the USAID headquarters, Friday. (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin)
In a speech to Congress on March 4th, Trump outlined his reasoning behind these decisions. Reducing “the flagrant waste of taxpayer dollars” is part of his broader strategy to combat inflation, purpose for which the DOGE, the brand-new Department Of Government Efficiency headed by Elon Musk, was created. Trump listed several specific cuts, such as “$8 million to promote LGBTQI+ initiatives in Lesotho, which nobody has ever heard of,” and “$250,000 to increase vegan local climate action innovation in Zambia.” He also mentioned “$47 million for improving learning outcomes in Asia,” sarcastically noting that “Asia is doing very well with learning. You know what we’re doing—could use it ourselves.” Many other initiatives were dismissed as “scams.”
However, while some projects may be debated, the impact of these cuts extends to critical humanitarian aid programs. Initiatives preventing malnutrition and combating diseases such as malaria, polio, and AIDS have been shut down, leaving millions vulnerable around the world.
From a broader perspective, the decision aligns with a reshaped U.S. national interest—one that takes a narrower, more domestic-focused approach. While foreign aid cuts may contribute to reducing inflation, they also risk undermining stability in conflict-prone regions and weakening diplomatic relations. It remains to be seen what the long-term consequences of this decision will be for the US.
Impact on Developing Countries
But what can poor countries’ economies expect from such an abrupt dismantling of USAID?
It is inevitable that many African countries will face a profound distress, especially in the healthcare sector. For instance, in South Africa, 17% of funding for AIDS treatment comes from PEPFAR (the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), which also supports the salaries of more than 15,000 healthcare workers. The situation could be even more critical in Ethiopia, USAID’s largest beneficiary, which receives over $200 million annually to support its healthcare system.
However, some argue that heavy reliance on foreign aid is not beneficial for recipient countries. There is no consensus on its overall impact on economic development. Some scholars argue that aid fosters growth through infrastructure improvements, pioneering investments, and attracting foreign capital. Others counter that it distorts labor markets and fosters dependency. Some have also compared foreign aid effects on local economies to the ones of natural resources revenues: these inflows can lead to currency appreciation, making locally produced locally produced tradable goods relatively more expensive and less competitive internationally, triggering the so-called “Dutch Disease” and weaking local manufacturing.
Foreign Aid Received in 2023, in US Dollars and adjusted for inflation. Source: OECD, 2025.
The Debate on Foreign Aid
Criticisms against aid arrive also from other Global South Activists, who claim that aid is just charity covering social injustice and perpetuating the colonialist “civilizing mission”.
One of the most prominent critics is Dambisa Moyo, a global economist born in Zambia and naturalized as an American. In her 2009 book, Dead Aid – Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa, she challenges the “greatest myths of our time: that billions of dollars in aid sent from wealthy countries to developing African nations has helped to reduce poverty and increase growth”. Moyo argues that foreign aid fuels corruption, distorts local markets, and creates a vicious cycle of dependency—ultimately increasing poverty rather than alleviating it. Moyo proposes the stop of aid funding, throughout the over a period of five years, as a solution to reduce poverty and improve economic growth and development in African countries.
Although Moyo’s plan differs significantly from Trump’s approach and underlying motivations, her perspective raises the question: Could these cuts ultimately push aid-receiving countries toward self-reliance?
Regardless of the answer to this question, Trump’s decision carries profound economic and humanitarian consequences for developing nations reliant on these funds, and challenges the West’s long-standing role in Global South development. If these cuts lead to reduced dependence on Western aid, they could open the door for alternative models and standards—ones that might ultimately foster more sustainable growth for recipient countries and prompt a reevaluation of an international cooperation system that has long been in need of reform.
Arellano, C., Bulíř, A., Lane, T., &Lipschitz, L. (2009). The dynamic implications of foreign aid and its variability. Journal of Development Economics, 88(1), 87-102.
Finland has ranked high in many international education rankings and has the reputation of having one of the best education systems. But why does this country stand out from the rest, what makes it so unique and how can we learn from their method so that we can also improve.
Finnish students consistently perform well in PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) rankings, often placing at or near the top in reading, science, and math. Finland’s education system was reformed in the 1960s and 1970s to promote equality and economic recovery after the country’s wars. Teachers’ training and the shift from an elite system to one with comprehensive schools for all children have been key to the country’s success. This journey began in the 1960s, when Finland transitioned from sorting students into academic and vocational tracks to creating a comprehensive 9-year school system in 1972. This included reforms to teacher education, moving it from training colleges to universities and making a master’s degree a prerequisite by 1979. The reform gave teachers more autonomy and responsibility, culminating in the profession gaining prestige in the 1990s.
Decentralization in 1985 gave more power to municipalities, and the national core curriculum in 1994 allowed local schools to design their own curriculum. Teacher autonomy and decentralization took time to develop, with a gradual shift over about two decades. Finland’s success in education, therefore, was built on a long and steady process of reform and gradual shifts in policy, structure, and perception. Let’s dive into the most important factors that differentiate the Finish system from the rest.
The Finnish Method
No Standardized Testing
Finland doesn’t rely on standardized tests for assessing students. The only exception is the voluntary National Matriculation Exam at the end of upper-secondary school (similar to high school). Students are graded individually by their teachers, and progress is tracked by the Ministry of Education through sampling across schools.
Teacher Accountability
Finnish teachers are highly trusted professionals, selected from the top 10% of graduates. They are required to earn a master’s degree and given the freedom to decide the best approach for teaching. Teachers collaborate and are supported by special educators like social workers, psychologists, and nurses. The system emphasizes “whatever it takes” to help students succeed, even for those with learning difficulties or behavioral issues.
Cooperation Over Competition
Finland’s educational philosophy strives for cooperation rather than competition. There are no rankings for top schools or teachers. The focus is on creating a cooperative learning environment that benefits everyone, rather than promoting competition.
Focus on Basic Needs
Finland prioritizes social equity, providing free meals, healthcare, psychological counseling, and individualized guidance for students. Education is seen as a tool to reduce social inequality and foster equality.
Late Start to School
Finnish children begin school at age seven, allowing them a more relaxed early childhood. Compulsory schooling lasts for nine years, and after age 16, further education is optional. This helps students avoid feeling trapped by the school system.
Post-School Options
Finland offers students choices beyond a traditional university route, such as vocational education programs. Students can choose between a university preparation track or a vocational path, both leading to professional careers.
Later Start Times and Shorter School Days
Finnish students start school later, around 9:00-9:45 AM, and finish by 2:00-2:45 PM. Research shows that later start times are beneficial for students’ well-being. Schools are structured to focus on holistic learning, with longer breaks and fewer hours of class.
Consistent Teacher-Student Relationships
In Finland, students often have the same teacher for multiple years, creating a strong bond and trust between teachers and students. This consistency helps teachers better understand individual student needs.
Relaxed Learning Environment
Finnish schools advocate for less stress and more relaxation. Students have fewer classes and enjoy multiple breaks throughout the day to stretch and socialize. Teachers also benefit from dedicated time to relax and prepare.
Minimal Homework
Finnish students spend less time on homework compared to students in other countries, averaging just 30 minutes a night. With less outside work, students can focus more on learning without the added pressure of extensive homework.
Focus on Equality and Inclusivity
They promote equality, aiming to offer the same quality of education to all students, regardless of their background. Over 30% of Finnish children receive special help, and schools are well-equipped to support children with diverse needs, including immigrants. The goal is to mainstream all students and address their individual learning needs.
Supportive Government Policies
The Finnish government supports families through generous maternity leave, subsidized daycare, free student health care, and public preschool, ensuring all children, even from low-income families, have access to education.
Critiques of this system
Finland’s exceptional performance in PISA assessments (2000) impressed many, with a unique education system that emphasized less teacher-centric, pupil-led learning. However, its scores have declined in subsequent assessments, raising questions about what went wrong.
Declining PISA Scores: Finland now scores below average among OECD countries, with various reasons suggested for this decline. Commonly cited factors include:
Over-digitalization: Excessive use of technology, particularly tablets and laptops, has been linked to lower reading scores, especially among boys, and negatively affected physical activity and sleep schedules.
Mental Health Issues: A decline in student mental health is considered a contributing factor.
Family Social Background: The growing influence of family background on student performance, especially in immigrant communities, has exacerbated inequalities.
Gifted Students: The system struggles to adequately challenge gifted students, which contrasts with systems in countries like those in Asia, where all students are expected to meet the same standards.
Gender Gap: Finnish boys consistently underperform compared to girls, particularly in reading. This gender gap is one of the highest among the 74 PISA countries.
Budget Cuts: After the 2008 financial crisis, cuts to education budgets have led to teacher shortages, particularly in special education, affecting children with autism and special needs. These cuts have also deepened disparities linked to social and immigrant backgrounds.
Social Issues: Immigrant students face difficulties such as racism, lack of support, and a struggle to integrate into society. They also have the lowest reading scores in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries.
Teacher Roles and Structural Problems: Finland’s highly respected teaching profession has become increasingly bureaucratic, shifting teachers’ focus away from instruction to non-teaching tasks. This shift, combined with the pupil-led approach, may have contributed to the decline in PISA scores.
Over-digitalization and Its Consequences: The rush to incorporate technology in education, such as giving first graders iPads, has raised concerns. The excessive screen time, especially without filters or limits, has contributed to poorer sleep and concentration, which in turn has affected academic performance.
Structural and Policy Recommendations: The article suggests that Finland should address issues such as the gender gap, budget cuts, social inequality, and over-digitalization. Increased cultural awareness and better support for disadvantaged students, along with addressing special education shortages, could help improve the system.
Conclusion
All in all, Finland’s education system stands as a global benchmark for its focus on equality, teacher professionalism, and holistic student well-being. While the country has experienced impressive success over the years, recent challenges, such as declining PISA scores, over-digitalization, and rising inequalities, highlight the need for ongoing adaptation. To sustain its position as a leader in education, Finland must address these emerging issues by refining its approach to technology, mental health, and inclusivity. By continuing to prioritize cooperation, individualized support, and educational equity, Finland can maintain its reputation as a model for nations striving to create more effective and fair education systems.
The landscape of work is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by technological advancements, evolving societal attitudes, and global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic acted as a catalyst, accelerating the adoption of remote work and prompting companies to reassess traditional work structures. Central to this evolution are the concepts of remote work, hybrid models, and the reimagining of traditional office spaces. These developments are not only altering the physical location where work occurs but are also reshaping the dynamics of the global workforce.
Remote Work: A Lasting Change?
The adoption of remote work has seen a substantial increase, particularly during the pandemic. Gallup reports that U.S. workers averaged 3.8 remote workdays per month in 2023, a rise from 2.4 days before the pandemic. This shift has led to enhanced productivity for many, as employees experience fewer office-related distractions and a better work-life balance. Additionally, companies can now access a broader talent pool without geographical constraints.
However, remote work is not without its challenges. Feelings of isolation and loneliness are common among remote workers, stemming from reduced face-to-face interactions. This can lead to a weakened sense of team cohesion and connection to the company’s culture. Moreover, the blurring of boundaries between personal and professional life can result in difficulties disconnecting from work, potentially leading to burnout. A survey by PwC in 2022 highlighted that 39% of employees were concerned about not receiving adequate training in digital and technology skills from their employers, underscoring the need for ongoing support in a remote setting.
Hybrid Models: The Emerging Standard
To balance the advantages and drawbacks of remote work, many organizations are adopting hybrid work models, which combine in-office and remote working. A PwC survey found that 46% of companies anticipated implementing a hybrid model by the end of 2022. This approach allows employees to engage in collaborative activities in the office while performing focused tasks remotely.
For hybrid models to be effective, a reevaluation of office design is essential. According to workplace strategy experts, companies are shifting away from the traditional cubicle-based layout in favor of open, flexible spaces that encourage teamwork and innovation. This may involve reducing the number of assigned desks in favor of creating more collaborative spaces that foster teamwork and innovation. Leading companies like Google and Facebook are at the forefront of redesigning their offices to support flexible layouts and incorporate technology that facilitates seamless collaboration between in-office and remote employees.
The Office’s Evolution: From Workspace to Collaboration Hub
The traditional office is being redefined from a place solely for individual work to a hub for collaboration and creativity. In this new model, the office complements remote work by providing spaces designed for team interactions and innovative endeavors. According to a report by JLL (Jones Lang LaSalle), while global office occupancy rates have declined, there is an increased demand for spaces that support collaborative work.
This shift has significant implications for the commercial real estate sector. As companies reduce their physical office spaces, property owners are compelled to offer more flexible leasing options and rethink office configurations to accommodate a more mobile workforce. For instance, some landlords are transforming traditional office buildings into co-working hubs, while others are integrating wellness-oriented designs that include outdoor workspaces, improved ventilation, and enhanced communal areas to foster employee engagement. The focus is now on creating environments that enhance employee experience, promote well-being, and support a variety of work styles.
Conclusion
The future of work is characterized by flexibility and adaptability. Remote work and hybrid models are becoming integral components of organizational strategies, necessitating a reimagining of the traditional office. As businesses navigate this evolving landscape, they must address the challenges associated with these new work arrangements, such as maintaining company culture, ensuring employee well-being, and providing adequate support and training. By embracing these changes thoughtfully, organizations can create a dynamic work environment that meets the needs of their employees and positions them for success in a rapidly changing world.
In recent years, organisations have increasingly recognised the value of neurodiverse employees, leading to the implementation of inclusive hiring and workplace practices. The term refers to the recognition that neurological differences such as autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and other cognitive variations are natural variations of the human brain rather than deficits. Despite the recognition of neurodiversity, challenges remain, containing biases in recruitment, workplace adaptation, and the reliance on the idea that neurodiversity should primarily be considered from a business perspective. This form of ‘framing’ displays neurodiversity in terms of economic advantage, which can be problematic as it does not acknowledge the need for equity and inclusion in the workplace.
The Business Case for Neurodiversity: Strengths and Limitations
One of the primary motivations for organisations to embrace neurodiversity is its potential to enhance business outcomes. Research suggests that neurodiverse employees can bring unique problem-solving skills, enhanced pattern recognition, and creativity to organisations. Large corporations such as SAP, Microsoft, and JPMorgan Chase have implemented neurodiverse hiring programs with success, specifically in fields requiring attention to detail and logical problem-solving. These programs have improved productivity, innovation, and workplace diversity.
Despite these advantages, relying only on the business case for neurodiversity presents significant risks. When inclusion is framed solely in terms of economic gain, it reinforces the idea that employment is justified only if measurable performance benefits are demonstrated. This approach can contribute to the commercialisation of neurodiverse employees, characterising them as extraordinary talents while ignoring other needs and rights. Rather than focusing solely on business benefits, neurodiversity should be approached as a fundamental aspect of workplace equity and inclusion.
Common Barriers to Employment for Neurodiverse Individuals
Although awareness of neurodiversity has grown, neurodivergent individuals continue to face significant barriers to employment. One of the most common obstacles is the recruitment and hiring process, which is often not adapted to neurodiverse candidates. Traditional hiring methods, such as structured interviews, frequently disadvantage individuals with neurological differences. For instance, many individuals with autism may struggle with social interaction and eye contact, which can be mistakenly perceived as a lack of competence or enthusiasm. Some companies have recognised this issue and have implemented alternative recruitment methods, such as work trials and skills-based assessments, to ensure fairer evaluations of neurodivergent candidates.
Another significant hurdle is the difficulty neurodivergent employees face when adapting to traditional workplace environments. Many workplaces are designed with neurotypical employees in mind, which can create challenges for individuals with sensory sensitivities. Common issues include excessive noise, bright lighting, constrained work schedules, and communication styles that do not align with the needs of neurodivergent individuals. Facing these challenges requires specific workplace adjustments, such as providing flexible workspaces, implementing quiet rooms, and offering alternative communication tools to ensure an inclusive and supportive environment.
Apart from structural issues, stigma and a lack of awareness remain challenges. Many neurodivergent employees experience discrimination or misunderstanding in the workplace, often due to stereotypes and misconceptions about their abilities. Workplace cultures that prioritise social conformity can exclude neurodiverse individuals, leading to underemployment and dissatisfaction. To create a more inclusive work environment, it is essential to build greater awareness and understanding among all employees.
Universal Design: Creating an Inclusive Workplace
To build a truly inclusive workplace, organizations must go beyond individual accommodations and adopt a universal design approach. Universal design refers to the practice of creating workplaces that are accessible and beneficial to allemployees, regardless of neurological differences. A key component of universal design is the implementation of flexible workspaces that consider diverse sensory needs. This can include the provision of quiet areas, adjustable lighting, and noise-canceling options to help employees who may struggle with sensory overload.
Another important aspect of universal design is the embedding of alternative communication methods. Many neurodivergent employees benefit from written instructions, visual cues, and assistive technology that help them process information more effectively. Providing multiple communication formats allows employees to engage in ways that align with their strengths. Additionally, offering flexible work schedules can accommodate different working rhythms, ensuring that all employees have the opportunity to contribute in a way that suits their needs. To make these changes effective, managerial training is crucial. Educating supervisors about neurodiversity helps promote inclusive leadership and reduces biases in performance evaluations, ultimately leading to a more supportive work environment.
Success Stories in Neurodiverse Hiring
Several companies have successfully implemented neurodiverse hiring initiatives. SAP, through its Autism at Work Program, has successfully integrated neurodiverse employees into various roles, leading to enhanced problem-solving and innovation. Microsoft’s Neurodiversity Hiring Program focuses on strengths-based hiring, providing specialized training and mentorship to support neurodivergent employees in their professional growth. Similarly, JP Morgan Chase’s Autism at Work Initiative has demonstrated significant improvements in employee retention and job satisfaction by implementing structured support systems tailored to neurodiverse employees’ strengths and challenges.
These initiatives highlight the importance of structured support, mentorship, and suitable adjustments to create a more inclusive workplace. They also demonstrate that when properly implemented, neurodiverse hiring strategies can lead to beneficial outcomes for both employees and organizations.
A Chance to be Taken Seriously
Embracing neurodiversity in the workplace should not be seen only as a mean to achieve economic gains but as a crucial step towards creating equitable and inclusive employment environments. While the business case argument may serve as an attractive tool for organizations to adopt inclusive practices, it is essential to focus on universal design principles that benefit all employees. Addressing biases in hiring, implementing meaningful workplace adjustments, and enhancing inclusive organisational cultures will not only unlock the full potential of neurodiverse employees but also contribute to a more diverse and innovative workforce. As research and practice continue to evolve, companies must shift from isolated to systemic changes ensuring equity and dignity for all workers including neurodivergent individuals that have equal opportunities to thrive in the workplace.
Mara Blanz
Sources
Austin, R. D., & Sonne, T. (2014). Neurodiversity as a competitive advantage. HarvardBusiness Review, 92(5), 96-103.
Khan, M. H., Grabarski, M. K., Ali, M., & Buckmaster, S. (2022). Insights into creating and managing an inclusive neurodiverse workplace for positive outcomes: A multistage theoretical framework. Group & Organisation Management, 48(5), 1339–1386. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011221133583
Krzeminska, A., Austin, R. D., Gergen, E., & Mortensen, M. (2019). The advantages and challenges of neurodiversity employment in organisations. Journal of Management &Organization, 25(4), 453-469.
Silver, J., Pilkington, S., & Kerr, M. (2023). Beyond the business case: Universally designing the workplace for neurodiversity and inclusion. Journal of Workplace Inclusion, 12(2), 78-102.
Weber, M., Thompson, C., & Allen, J. (2022). Physical workplace adjustments to support neurodivergent workers: A systematic review. Applied Psychology, 71(4), 890-912.Volpone, S. D., Thomas, K. M., & Avery, D. R. (2022). Addressing stigma and fostering inclusion in neurodiverse workplaces. Diversity & Inclusion Journal, 15(3), 67-89
“Art is my therapy,” many say, as they lose themselves in the rhythm of creation. But what if art was more than a refuge—what if it was a science, a structured pathway to healing, sculpted by trained hands and studied minds? Beneath every brushstroke, every swirl of ink, lies a neurological symphony, a dance of colors and cognition that soothes, reveals, and transforms. Why does the mind surrender so effortlessly to creation? And why do some find solace in pigments and texture rather than in spoken words? Step closer—let’s unravel the alchemy of art and its profound dialogue with the brain.
Introduction
In order to have some background on this topic is important to understand that art therapy is a form of psychotherapythat uses art media to improve well-being. It was first described by Adrian Hill (British artist, writer, art therapist, educatorand broadcaster) in the 1940s as a way to engage patients and address emotional conflict. Also, it’s crucial to know thatclinical appointments are split into two parts: the art as therapy (the creative process itself is therapeutic) and theanalytical art psychotherapy (in which therapists use psychoanalytic theory to explore the unconscious through artwork). So, it’s not simply defined by the creative process itself, there’s also psychoanalysis along with it.
Although theoretical at this point, these tenets propose mechanisms of change through art therapy based on observations of clinical sessions:
The art-making process and the artwork itself are integral components of treatment that help to understand and elicit verbal and non-verbal communication within an attuned therapeutic relationship;
Creative expression is healing and life enhancing;
The materials and methods utilized affect self-expression, assist in emotional self-regulation, and are applied in specialized ways.
Neuroscience
Neuroscience offers insights into how art therapy works, especially in understanding traumatic memories, stress, emotions, and the brain’s response during art making. This helps explain why people are drawn to art and the effects of it on the brain and body.
Let’s start by learning the brain mechanisms linked to this. First of all: art leverages neuroplasticity (the brain’s ability to form new neural connections), promoting cognitive flexibility and resilience, particularly in trauma recovery and neurological injury. It is also connected to emotional regulation and the limbic system (a group of interconnected brain structures that help regulate your emotions and behavior). This happens because there’s influence on brain areas like the amygdala and hippocampus, helping to process traumatic memories and regulate emotions. Studies have shown reduced amygdala activity during this process, leading to reduced anxiety. Also, it engages multiple sensory modalities,enhancing sensory integration and processing, which is beneficial for conditions like autism spectrum disorder and sensory processing disorders.
Due to all this factors, it can be great at: helping patients suffering from PTSD, as it aids in processing traumatic memories and improve emotional regulation; or during neurorehabilitation, when it comes to recovery in stroke survivors and traumatic brain injury patients because it engages brain regions involved in motor control and visual-spatialprocessing.
Now that some foundational concepts have been discussed I believe it’s also relevant to present some studies and models that improve our perception of this subject.
Giacomo Rizzolatti’s (Italian neurophysiologist) study on mirror neurons explains how observing someone create art activates similar neural pathways in the observer. This process causes subtle neural changes that mirror the emotions of the creator, fostering an empathic exchange between artist and viewer. This neurological response enhances communication and emotional connection, showing how art therapy can deepen interpersonal understanding.
Carole McNamee (art therapist, 2003, 2006) studied how bilateral stimulation in art making (using both hands) activates both hemispheres of the brain and facilitates memory retrieval and integration. This aligns with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), an evidence-based trauma therapy developed by Francine Shapiro(American psychologist, 2001).
McNamee suggested that using both hands to create art can invoke memories stored in the left and right hemispheres, promoting systemic reprocessing and emotional healing.
To expand on Shapiro’s EMDR model, Tally Tripp (Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Board- Certified Art Therapist, and Certified Trauma Therapist, 2007, 2016) created a model by incorporating art making into trauma therapy. He proposed that creating artwork allows clients to visually transform traumatic memories, turning them into a tangible representation that helps process and integrate the experience.
Similarly, Linda Chapman (art therapist and educator) Diane Morabito, Chris Ladakakos, Herbert Schreier, and M. Margaret Knudson (2001) researched how bilateral hand use in art therapy could optimize brain function in pediatric trauma patients.
They developed the Chapman Art Therapy Treatment Intervention (CATTI), which follows these steps:
Bilateral scribble drawing – Activates the emotion-centered limbic system.
Cognitive processing – The child describes the artwork, shifting brain activity to the prefrontal cortex and encouraging logical storytelling.
This intervention helps children process trauma by engaging both emotional and cognitive brain functions.
Later, Linda Chapman (2014) also created a four-phase neurodevelopmental model of art therapy that aligns with brain development and trauma processing:
Self Phase (Brainstem Activation) – Focuses on basic survival responses, body awareness, and sensory regulation.
Problem Phase (Limbic System Activation) – Involves processing emotions, fight-or- flight responses, and traumatic memories.
Integration Phase (Prefrontal Cortex Activation) – Helps clients gain insight, process experiences, and integrate them into their self-concept.
Chapman’s model incorporates sensory-motor art techniques and therapeutic games to promote neural development, particularly in:
Right-brain functions (creative and emotional processing).
Visual and tactile perception (enhancing sensory awareness).
Gross and fine motor skills (improving movement coordination).
Auditory, vestibular, and proprioceptive development (enhancing balance, spatial awareness, and sensory integration).
These techniques create relational exchanges between the child and therapist or caregiver, mimicking early parent-child interactions to support emotional and neurological healing.
Art-therapy vs. Talk-Therapy and their benefits
Art Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that uses creative processes like drawing, painting, and sculpting to explore emotions and enhance self-awareness. It’s a non-verbal way of expressing thoughts and emotions.
Benefits:
Effective for individuals who struggle to articulate emotions verbally, such as children, trauma survivors, or those with developmental disabilities.
Provides a safe, supportive space for self-expression without judgment.
It can be beneficial for trauma survivors, as it allows exploration of sensitive topics indirectly, reducing the risk of re-traumatization.
Traditional Therapy
Includes approaches like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and humanistic therapy, which relies on verbal communication to explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Benefits:
Focuses on cognitive restructuring and problem-solving skills to help clients challenge negative thought patterns and improve coping strategies.
It promotes insight into behavior and emotions, facilitating lasting behavior change.
Well-suited for individuals seeking a structured, directive approach to therapy.
So, to make a final comparison, art therapy is particularly helpful for those who prefer a more creative, indirect way to express their feelings, especially when verbal communication is difficult. It’s a strong choice for individuals dealing with trauma, developmental issues, or difficulty with direct verbal communication. On the other hand, traditional therapy provides structured frameworks for addressing specific symptoms and is well-suited for those looking for a more directive approach with a focus on cognitive and behavioral changes.
Conclusion
Art therapy is more than a creative practice, it is a pathway to healing that speaks in colors, shapes, and movement whenwords fall short. Neuroscience reveals its power, showing how the creative process activates neuroplasticity, helping the brain rewire itself after trauma, regulate emotions, and restore balance. By engaging areas like the amygdala and hippocampus, art therapy soothes anxiety, processes memories, and strengthens cognitive function. Studies on mirrorneurons and bilateral stimulation further highlight how creating art can foster deeper self- awareness and emotional integration.
While traditional talk therapy relies on verbal expression and structured cognitive techniques, art therapy offers a moreintuitive and sensory-driven approach. It is especially valuable for those who struggle to articulate their emotions,providing a safe and transformative space for healing. Whether through words or images, both therapies offer meaningful ways to navigate the mind— but for many, the silent language of art reaches where words cannot.
Cheng, C., Elamin, M. E., May, H., & Kennedy, M. (2023). Drawing on emotions: the evolving role of art therapy. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40(3), 500–502.
King, J. L., & Kaimal, G. (2019). Approaches to research in art therapy using imaging technologies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 159.
The Intellectual and Environmental Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
For the past years, artificial intelligence (AI) has had a rather prevalent impact on our lives: from assembling cars to determining which ads one is exposed to on social media. However, the emergence of generative AI, as a new category of technological resources, has taken the world by storm, with OpenAI’s ChatGPT alone reaching 300 million weekly active users in December 2024 (Singh, 2025) and, thus, having major implications not only on the environment but also on the unique human ability to envision and create. According to Gartner, AI-driven data analysis is set to account for more than 50% of all business analytics by 2025, while Forbes reports that AI-powered advertising tools can increase ROI by up to 30% compared to traditional methods.
In fact, as you read this sentence, generative AI programs may already be developing email prompts, debugging your code, and even preparing your dinner’s recipe simultaneously.
With the of AI usage re-shaping the way one works and interacts, as well as the possible rise of DeepSeek, which is projected to surpass ChatGPT’s performance, (Wiggers, 2025) clear benefits are defined, as studies predict 40% productivity improvements (MIT Sloan, 2023). Nevertheless, its groundbreaking promise to improve performance has been tempered, as of late, with growing concerns that these intricate and mystifying systems may do more societal harm than economic good, namely regarding creative outlooks and academic integrity (UNESCO, n.d).
As people progressively feel the immense rush of having more and more automated activities in their lives while companies hurry to improve efficiency, one should stop to think and ask:
What are the trade-offs for such benefits?
Intellectual Property
“And your novel?” “Oh, I put in my hand and rummage in the bran pie.” “That’s so wonderful. And it’s all different.” “Yes, I’m 20 people.”
– Virginia Woolf and Lytton Strachey
Retrieved from In the Margins: On the Pleasures of Reading and Writing
Creation is a complex and often unappreciated place, where the creative must give shape to wild, wanderer, unstructured ideas – many times, rummaging in the bran pie to see what comes out – to form a cohesive original piece. The realization that this type of work must be protected, so as to justify its high stakes, gave birth to the concept of intellectual property.
According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), intellectual property (IP) refers to “creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce”. IP is protected by law: the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), which encompass the right to be credited for their own work; to uphold their integrity; for others not to use the artists’ work without permission… Generative AI comes to challenge those pre-established rules.
By giving birth to unseen imagery with the utilization of prompts, creating adapted screenplays set up on the scenery of your favorite novels, and even developing catchy songs about the dean of your school – always surprisingly fast –, AI is increasingly taking its place at the creatives’ desk. But there is a catch: GenAI does not materialize exactly original elements. Rather, the tools are based on massive amounts of data, which are used to train them into recovering patterns that then enable the response to the prompt (MIT Sloan 2021).
This can become problematic when one starts to ask if there is ownership of the content that is provided to train Generative AI. This matter has already been brough up in the courtrooms. For example, Andersen v. Stability AI et al., in 2022. Various artists filed a class-action copyright infringement lawsuit against several AI organizations, claiming unauthorized use of their work for AI training (Harvard Business Review 2023). Ultimately, the courts’ decisions are going to add to the interpretation of the fair use doctrine.
Artists around the world are also starting to take the matter into their own hands. One of the most impactful cases of such traces back to the Writers Guild of America strike, that marked 2023. The culmination of this event consisted of an agreement which, among other things, laid ground for the establishment of artificial intelligence use. Although artists may use AI tools in their work, companies are prohibited from forcing them to do so – which would probably result in the drafting of lower paying contracts. More importantly, now “the WGA reserves the right to assert that exploitation of writers’ material to train AI is prohibited by MBA or other law” (Vox 2023).
AI’s Role in Academic Integrity
One has to be honest in one’s work, acknowledge others’ work properly, and give credit where one has used other people’s ideas or data.”
– Campbell & Waddington, 2024
Academic integrity is a critical component in education and research work within today’s rapidly evolving academic landscape as it reflects the value of the qualifications offered by an institute, as well as the ethical conduct of students. It regards the collective activity of students and teachers to demonstrate courtesy toward intellectual property and uphold moral and ethical standards in academic works. According to the European Network for Academic Integrity (ENAI), this concept includes “compliance with ethical and professional principles, standards, practices and consistent system of values that serves as guidance for making decisions and taking action in education, research, and scholarship.”.
With the growing presence of generative AI, students and academic researchers are supported in various aspects, including data analysis, decision-making and writing. AI has, in this sense, revolutionized the academic world, offering unmatched assistance. Nevertheless, its rapid integration into the sector, as well as its inability to understand and produce authentic scholarly work, raises concerns on students’ critical thinking capacities, plagiarism and overall academic integrity.
In fact, a study conducted with a sample of 5894 students across Swedish universities highlights a growing dependency on AI tools, with over 50% of positive responses to the use of chatbots, and over a third of students affirming the regular reliance on Large Language Models (LLM), such as ChatGPT in education (Malmström et al. 2023). AsAI tools are becoming progressively user-friendly, barriers to its wide adoption are significantly reduced. Namely, ChatGPT and similar AI applications can serve as self-learning tools, assisting students in acquiring information, answering questions and resolving problems instantaneously, thereby enriching learning experiences and offering personalized support.
However, despite its potential to enhance academic work, people’s perceptions around its misuse for academic shortcuts still indicate mixed responses (Schei et al. 2024). The debate further extends to ethical territory, as AI-facilitated plagiarism and academic misconduct becomes increasingly prevalent and possibly encourages a culture of intellectual laziness and plagiarism practices, such as Mosaic Plagiarism: which involves taking phrases from a source without crediting them or copying another person’s ideas and replacing these with synonymic phrase structures but for proper crediting (Farazouli et al. 2023).
Data sets used by LLMs often rely on information collected through data scraping from third-party websites and published work. While this practice is not necessarily considered misconduct, it may be obtained without explicit consent from the sources, meaning that it is possible for one’s AI-generated work or writing material to contain non-credited phrases and ideas. One example of such occurrence lies within the lawsuit infringed upon Open AI by the New York Times for copyright issues and unauthorized use of published content to train AI models (The New York Times 2023). Furthermore, critics also point out generative AI’s technical limitations and existing bias dependent on its training data, as it may create incorrect or outdated information, leading to extended reliability concerns. As AI becomes more deeply integrated in academia, without proper education, its misuse and over-reliance are a prominent motive for concern.
Environmental Impact and Water Consumption
Another factor to account for when addressing AI usage and reliance is its environmental impact, which is not often considered by end-users.
As worldwide corporate AI investments experienced exponential growth in the past years, from $12.75B in 2015 to $91.9B in 2022 (Statista 2024), so does its impact on water consumption since AI models (especially GPT-4) require significant energy and water resources to its function.
Global total corporate AI investment from 2015 to 2022 – Statista
When assessing water consumption in data centers, one should account for both its “onsite” direct use to cool servers, and its indirect use as an energy generator. (OECD.AI n.d.)
Furthermore, the data centers require the use of fresh water for refrigeration through cooling towers, liquid cooling, or air conditioning, while power plants supplying electricity also need large amounts of water. Thus, training and running AI models can consume millions of liters with even small AI questioning using significant amounts, as these consume 1.8 to 12 liters of water per kWh of energy.
AI’s water usage is, thereby, a growing concern, its growing water demands outpacing energy efficiency and being projected to reach up to 6.6B cubic meters (approximately 6 times of Denmark’s annual water withdrawal) (Li et al. 2025).
The hazard that AI imposes on the environment goes far beyond the hydrological issue discussed.
In a study carried out by Strubell et al. (2020), it was demonstrated that the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the training of a single type of common natural language processing (NLP) model greatly surpassed the values that are attributed to familiar consumption. Namely, the training of an AI model under such conditions yields approximately 600,000 lb of carbon dioxide emissions, whereas using a car for a lifetime produces one fifth of the same amount.
Of course, there is also a concern with the amount of energy used by artificial intelligence facilities. In such regard, Alex De Vries (2023) found out in a study that, by 2027, the AI industry could be consuming between 85 to 134 terawatt hours (Twh)annually, which compares to the amount of energy used by a small country such as the Netherlands. Additionally, GenAI tools may use nearly 33 times more energy to carry out a task than task-specific software would (World Economic Forum 2024). What is more, the extraction of natural resources that integrate the components of AI hardware can constitute a source of worry. In an interview, Yale’s Associate Professor Yuan Yao explains that the supply chain of these parts requires partaking in activities such as mining and metal production, that may lead to soil erosion and pollution.
Interestingly, Wang et al. (2024) suggest that the amount of e-waste (discarded electrical or electronic devices) generated could end up comprising a total of 1.2–5.0 million tons until 2030, depending on the pace of the industry’s growth. According to the World Health Organization, if e-waste is unreliably recycled, it can release up to a thousand different chemical substances, including known neurotoxicants such as lead.
As one becomes aware of the ethical concerns that come with AI development, and therefore its use, we can start to address these issues: by both reflecting on policies that can be implemented to mitigate the harm of such outbreaking technology and aiming to make more considerate and sustainable use of GenAI.
Madalena Martinho do Rosário
External VP
Mª Francisca Pereira
President
Sources:
Ferrante, Elena. 2022. In the Margins: On the Pleasures of Reading and Writing. UK: Europa Editions.
Strubell, Emma, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew McCallum. 2020. Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP. Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1906.02243
Malmström, H., Stöhr, C., & Ou, A. W. (2023). Chatbots and other AI for learning: A survey of use and views among university students in Sweden. (Chalmers Studies in Communication and Learning in Higher Education 2023:1) https://doi.org/10.17196/cls.csclhe/2023/01
———. 2024b. “Perceptions and Use of AI Chatbots Among Students in Higher Education: A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies.” Education Sciences 14 (8): 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080922.
Farazouli, Alexandra, Teresa Cerratto-Pargman, Klara Bolander-Laksov, and Cormac McGrath. 2023. “Hello GPT! Goodbye Home Examination? An Exploratory Study of AI Chatbots Impact on University Teachers’ Assessment Practices.” Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education 49 (3): 363–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2023.2241676.
Li, Yang, Islam, Ren. Making AI Less “Thirsty”: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models. (2025). https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.03271
Miracles do not only arise in nature but can also be witnessed in economic contexts. Similarly, they evoke fascination and amazement, however, experiencing wonders can also heighten awareness of their fragility and develop a stronger sense of responsibility, making it even more thrilling to analyze their origins, synergies and lessons.
The “Miracle on the Han River” describes South Korea’s economic transformation from one of the poorest nations in the world to a global industrial and economic powerhouse within a few decades. Following the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, South Korea faced immense challenges, containing widespread poverty, devastated infrastructure, and reliance on foreign aid, primarily from the United States. Its gross national product (GNP) per capita in 1962 made up barely $87, reflecting its fatal economic state.
However, beginning in the 1960s, South Korea started a journey of rapid industrialization and economic development – a transformation being so significant and unparalleled that it was characterized as the “Miracle on the Han River.” The latter arised and simultaneously indicated how a nation, through visionary leadership, economic planning, and societal mobilization, can overcome substantial challenges and achieve sustained growth. Today, South Korea serves as a model for developing nations aiming to replicate its success.
Background
South Korea’s economic transformation was initiated under the leadership of President Park Chung-hee in the 1960s. His government adopted a developmental state model that prioritized economic growth through export-oriented industrialization and infrastructure development. This approach included significant government intervention, incentives for private sector growth, and a focus on creating global competitiveness.
Figure 1– Park Chung Hee
Park aimed to make South Korea self-reliant and less dependent on foreign aid, especially from the United States, while also competing with North Korea’s growing industries. For him, economic growth was not just about improving the economy but also about building national security and pride.
Though his leadership was authoritarian and often criticized for limiting human rights, Park played a key role in South Korea’s economic progress. His idea of “treating employees like family” helped increase productivity among workers.
A key element of the economic transformation was the establishment of Five-Year Economic Development Plans, which outlined ambitious goals and focused resources on priority sectors. The state also invested heavily in education and technology, creating a skilled workforce capable of supporting industrial growth. As a result, South Korea experienced an average annual GDP growth rate of over 7% for several decades, becoming one of the world’s largest economies by the late 20th century.
Figure 2– Gross domestic product (GDP) in current prices from 1987 to 2029 (in billion U.S. dollars)
The chaebŏls has a key to success
After 1961, the South Korean government worked closely with business leaders to achieve its development goals. These businesses, known as chaebols, were family-run corporate groups that exercise monopolistic or oligopolistic control over certain products and industries.
The chaebols received various advantages, such as reduced import duties on capital goods and lower rates for utilities. The state closely monitored the chaebols to ensure they used government support effectively. If a chaebol failed to meet economic targets or compete in local and global markets, it risked losing state support.
The chaebol system proved highly successful, with the top ten conglomerates growing at more than three times the rate of the country’s GDP. Among these conglomerates we find our todays Samsung, LG, and Hyundai.
The change in the 70s
As the United States became less reliable as a military and political ally, particularly after establishing relations with the People’s Republic of China, South Korea felt an increased urgency to become autonomous. This included manufacturing its own weapons, producing capital goods, and competing with North Korea’s advancements in heavy industry.
To address this, South Korea shifted its focus to heavy industry and capital goods production while increasing restrictions on foreign direct investment.
Although many foreign experts doubted South Korea’s ability to sustain a heavy industrial base due to its size and level of development, the plan succeeded. The economy grew at double-digit rates even during the challenging global conditions of the 1970s. Industries like steel and shipbuilding grow. Steel production increased and by the 1980s, South Korea had become the world’s second-largest shipbuilder, known for completing orders quickly and reliably.
From Military Leadership to Democratization
On October 26, 1979, President Park Chung Hee was assassinated. After this, Chun Doo Hwan, a military leader, became president and ruled from 1980 to 1988. He continued many of Park’s economic policies, but during the 1980s and 1990s, South Korea’s economy started to change. Exports shifted to more advanced products, such as consumer electronics, computers, and semiconductors, while textiles became less important. Industries became more focused on machines and technology rather than human labor.
In 1987, South Korea began to democratize, which affected economic development. The days of strong, authoritarian governments ended, and a politically active middle class and stronger labor unions started to influence policies. Wages increased quickly during the late 1980s and early 1990s, partly because labor unions had gained more power.
After 1996
In 1996, South Korea joined the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), a group of 30 developed nations. This marked South Korea’s transition from a developing country to being recognized as a wealthy, developed nation. However, the country still faced challenges. South Koreans worked some of the longest hours among OECD countries, and the quality of life was not yet equal to other developed nations.
In 1997, the Asian financial crisis struck, exposing serious problems in the economy. Corporate debt had grown to dangerous levels, leading to the need for an international rescue package. To recover, South Korea forced large business groups, called chaebǒls, to focus on their main businesses and reduce their debts. The government also introduced reforms to make the labor market more flexible. These efforts paid off, with the economy experiencing rapid growth in 1999–2000. South Korea went from being a debtor nation to a creditor nation within a few years.
By 2017, South Korea was known globally for its technological innovation. Its GDP per capita had risen slightly above the European Union average, and the country ranked among the best in the world for health standards and education.
Challenges
Despite these successes, the Miracle on the Han River also came with challenges. Rapid industrialization intensified income inequality and environmental degradation.
While South Korea became a major exporter of entertainment, other parts of its service economy failed behind. The dominance of chaebǒls also created problems for smaller startups, limiting their growth and influence. These large corporations held significant power over public policy, raising concerns about fairness in the economy.
Additionally, South Korea faced demographic and environmental challenges. It had one of the lowest birth rates in the world and a population that was living longer than ever, which put pressure on social systems. There were also significant issues with air and water pollution, as well as other environmental costs of rapid development. These challenges reflected South Korea’s transition into a prosperous and technologically advanced country by the 21st century.
Conclusion
The “Miracle on the Han River” demonstrates how visionary leadership, strategic planning, and societal mobilization can transform a nation from the brink of collapse into a global economic powerhouse. South Korea’s journey from post-war devastation to technological and industrial excellence offers valuable lessons for developing nations striving for similar growth.
However, this remarkable success came with significant challenges. Rapid industrialization aggravated income inequality, environmental degradation, and demographic pressures. The dominance of chaebŏls, while instrumental in driving growth, prevented innovation from smaller startups and raised concerns about economic fairness.
Drawing a bigger picture, South Korea’s story is not just about growth but also about resilience and adaptation. From overcoming financial crises to transitioning into a democratic society, South Korea has shown the importance of evolving in response to opportunities as well as challenges. Since the country continues to address issues like an aging population and environmental sustainability, it demonstrates a testament of the power of determination and strategic vision for shaping the destiny of a nation.
Sources:Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences; Asian Affairs: An American Review; Situations; International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most transformative forces of the 21st century. The proliferation of AI technologies across industries is reshaping the way we work, live, and interact with the world. From revolutionizing healthcare and finance to automating everyday tasks, AI’s potential is immense. However, as AI continues to advance, it raises profound ethical questions that need urgent attention. In this article, we will explore both the opportunities AI offers and the ethical dilemmas it presents.
The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence: From Science Fiction to Reality
AI is no longer a concept confined to science fiction. Over the last few decades, it has evolved from simple automation tools to highly sophisticated systems capable of learning and adapting to complex scenarios. AI systems, powered by machine learning algorithms, can now analyze vast amounts of data, detect patterns, and make decisions faster and more accurately than humans. This progress has made AI an indispensable tool in various sectors, and its influence continues to grow.
The first significant leap for AI occurred with the development of machine learning (ML), a subfield of AI that allows computers to “learn” from data without being explicitly programmed. By feeding AI systems with large datasets, they can improve their accuracy over time, making predictions and automating tasks with increasing efficiency. In recent years, deep learning, a subset of ML, has emerged as a powerful method of training neural networks that simulate the human brain’s structure. This has propelled the development of AI applications that seem almost sentient — capable of recognizing images, understanding natural language, and even driving autonomous vehicles.
AI in Key Sectors: Transforming Industries
The practical applications of AI are vast and rapidly expanding. In healthcare, AI is making significant strides in diagnostic accuracy. AI-powered tools like IBM Watson Health and Google Health are helping doctors analyze medical images and diagnose diseases like cancer with remarkable precision. In fact, a study in the journal Nature found that an AI system was able to detect breast cancer in mammograms with an accuracy rate surpassing human radiologists. AI’s ability to analyze enormous datasets and find patterns hidden to the human eye is also revolutionizing personalized medicine. By analyzing patient records, AI can identify the best treatment options for individuals based on their unique genetic makeup.
In finance, AI is transforming investment strategies, risk assessment, and fraud detection. AI algorithms are now capable of analyzing market trends and making trades at speeds far beyond human capacity. Robo-advisors like Betterment and Wealthfront use AI to create personalized investment portfolios, making wealth management more accessible to the average consumer. Similarly, AI-powered fraud detection systems are becoming integral in the financial sector, using sophisticated algorithms to monitor transactions for signs of fraudulent activity.
In the manufacturing sector, AI is enhancing efficiency through automation. The concept of Industry 4.0, which integrates AI with the Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics, is reshaping factories. AI systems can monitor production lines, predict maintenance needs, and even adjust operations in real-time to maximize efficiency. As a result, businesses can achieve higher levels of productivity and reduce operational costs.
AI is also making waves in transportation. Autonomous vehicles, powered by AI, are set to revolutionize the way people and goods move. Companies like Tesla and Waymo are pioneering self-driving car technology, which promises to reduce traffic accidents, lower transportation costs, and improve mobility for people who are unable to drive.
The Ethical Implications of AI: Privacy, Bias, and Job Displacement
While the potential benefits of AI are staggering, its rapid development also raises serious ethical concerns. As AI systems become more integrated into our lives, questions about privacy, bias, and job displacement loom large.
Privacy: The Dilemma of Data Collection
One of the most pressing ethical issues with AI is privacy. Many AI systems rely on vast amounts of data to function, often drawing from personal information, such as browsing habits, location data, or even medical records. This raises concerns about how this data is collected, stored, and used. In recent years, data breaches and misuse have highlighted the risks of collecting such sensitive information.
A notable example is the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica scandal, where data harvested from millions of users was misused to influence political elections. AI-powered systems that track online behavior, such as targeted advertising, rely on analyzing this data to deliver personalized content. While this can improve user experience, it also exposes individuals to the risk of manipulation and exploitation. This issue has led to calls for more robust privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe, which aims to give individuals more control over their personal data.
Bias: The Risk of Reinforcing Inequality
Another significant concern with AI is bias. AI systems are only as good as the data they are trained on. If the data reflects societal inequalities or biases, the AI system can perpetuate and even amplify these biases. For instance, an AI algorithm trained on historical hiring data may inherit biases against women or minority groups, leading to discriminatory hiring practices.
In one high-profile example, a recruitment tool developed by Amazon was found to favor male candidates over female candidates due to bias in the training data. Similarly, in the criminal justice system, AI algorithms used for risk assessment have been shown to disproportionately target people of color, exacerbating existing racial inequalities.
The risks of AI bias have prompted calls for greater transparency in the development of AI systems, as well as initiatives to ensure diversity in the teams designing and implementing these technologies. Experts are urging developers to adopt ethical frameworks that prioritize fairness and accountability.
Job Displacement: The Impact on Employment
AI’s potential to automate jobs raises concerns about mass job displacement. As AI technologies continue to improve, there is a growing fear that machines will replace human workers in a wide range of industries. According to a 2021 McKinsey report, automation could displace 375 million workers globally by 2030, particularly in sectors like manufacturing, retail, and transportation.
While AI will undoubtedly create new job opportunities, particularly in fields related to data science, machine learning, and AI development, it is unlikely that displaced workers will easily transition into these roles. The World Economic Forum predicts that 85 million jobs could be displaced by AI by 2025, but it also forecasts the creation of 97 million new jobs that require skills in emerging technologies. The challenge lies in reskilling the workforce to meet these demands and mitigate the social and economic impact of job losses.
Balancing Innovation with Ethics: The Path Forward
As AI continues to evolve, it is critical that society finds a balance between harnessing its transformative power and addressing the ethical challenges it presents. There are several ways to navigate this delicate balance.
One key strategy is regulation. Governments and international organizations must implement clear and comprehensive regulations that govern AI development and use. In the European Union, the AI Act, which was proposed in April 2021, aims to regulate high-risk AI systems and ensure that AI is used in a manner that is transparent, accountable, and respectful of fundamental rights. These regulations are designed to ensure that AI systems are tested for fairness and accuracy before being deployed.
Transparency is also crucial. Developers need to make AI systems more understandable and explainable, especially when they are making high-stakes decisions, such as in healthcare or criminal justice. This can help build trust in AI systems and ensure that they are used responsibly.
Another important approach is to prioritize ethical AI design. As AI technologies become more integrated into our daily lives, it is essential that they are developed with fairness, accountability, and inclusivity in mind. This includes addressing issues like bias in training data and ensuring that AI systems are accessible to everyone, regardless of background or socio-economic status.
The Future of AI: Optimism with Caution
AI has the potential to improve our lives in ways we are only beginning to understand. From curing diseases to solving global challenges like climate change, AI offers immense opportunities. However, these benefits will only be realized if we are vigilant in addressing the ethical concerns that come with their rise.
By establishing strong ethical guidelines, promoting transparency, and ensuring that AI development benefits all of society, we can navigate the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. As we continue to develop AI, it is crucial to remember that technology should serve humanity, not the other way around.
As AI continues to shape the future, it’s up to us to ensure that it evolves in a way that is ethical, inclusive, and ultimately beneficial for all.
On November 6th, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced in a speech to the media having dismissed Finance Minister Christian Lindner. This was followed by a wave of demissions in one of the three parties forming the ruling coalition, essentially making the government collapse. To understand this crisis, it is important to go back in time.
Indeed, Germany’s current political instability is deeply rooted in the nation’s economic challenges over the past decade, shaped by both internal policy decisions and global economic forces. To understand the collapse of the coalition government (a government formed jointly by more than one political party) and the broader political crisis, it is essential to explore the economic context that led to this pivotal moment.
Wirtschaftswunder – “Economic Miracle”
After World War II much of the country was in ruins. Allied Forces had attacked or bombed large parts of its infrastructure. The city of Dresden was completely destroyed, the population of Cologne had dropped from 750,000 to 32,00 inhabitants, Germany was a ruined state facing an incredibly bleak future. Nevertheless, by 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell and Germany was once again reunited, it was the envy and surprise of most of the world.
Germany had the third-biggest economy in the world, trailing only Japan and the United States in terms of GDP. Its post-World War II “economic miracle” was built on industrial excellence, a strong export sector, and a model of social capitalism that balanced growth with social welfare.
By the early 2000s, Germany had established itself as the world’s fourth-largest economy, heavily reliant on the automotive, mechanical engineering, chemical and electronic industries alongside having the most open economy of the G7 states.
Economic Challenges and Impact of Global Events
Even though the country’s growth was exponential and undeniable, flaws in the economic model began to arise. One of them lies with demographic pressures, given the fact that this country´s ageing population has strained its workforce and social welfare systems, particularly pensions and healthcare aligned with an increase inimmigration that reduced innovative minds, falling behind in sectors like digital technology and artificial intelligence, sparkling political debates and polarisation.
Additionally, the overreliance on exports, particularly to China and the United States, left the economy vulnerable to external shocks, such as trade wars and global demand slowdowns. Proof and enhancement of this was the disruption of global supply chains due to Covid-19 Pandemic, that reduced demand for German exports, and forced the government to implement costly stimulus packages, increasing public debt.
Also, because this is a country moved and known for its industrial production, heavily relying on Russian energy, became a direct liability of when the 2022 invasion of Ukraine and subsequent sanctions. This energy crisis had severe industrial impacts on this country’s competitiveness. This conflict exacerbated Germany’s energy crisis, as Russia cut off gas supplies in retaliation for European sanctions, leading to skyrocketing energy costs, prompting a turn towards renewable energy (turn that has faced criticism for its slow implementation and high costs, intensifying debates over the viability of the transaction amid soaring energy prices and industrial pushback), and alternative suppliers but also driving inflation and recession fears.
The Economic Fallout: A Path to Political Crisis
Germany officially entered a period of recession in 2023, marking two quarters of negative GDP growth (-0.1% in Q2 2023 and -0.4% in Q4 2023). Along with high inflation (ranging from 8.7% to 3.7% in 2023), eroding consumer purchasing power, shrank the economy.
German industry leaders expressed frustration over rising taxes and regulatory hurdles, particularly regarding environmental policies, fuelling demands for more pro-business reforms.
This inability of the government to reconcile competing economic philosophies (fiscal austerity, backed by the FDP) with an increased public spending (supported by the SPD and the greens) has been a persistent source of pressure on Germany’s coalition government, reaching a breaking point in November of 2024.
Current crisis
Germany, which had already been facing a strenuous economic downturn as mentioned above, saw its government collapse on November 7th, after Chancellor Olaf Scholz dismissed Finance Minister Christian Lindner over budget disagreements, causing the breakup of the country’s ruling coalition. Since 2021, Germany had been governed by a three-party coalition, commonly referred to as the “traffic light” after the parties’ traditional colours, consisting of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), The Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP), and The Greens. When Chancelor Scholz, leader of the SPD, fired Minister Lindner, leader of the FDP, a wave of resignations from the FDP and the party’s withdrawal from the coalition ensued, leaving the government without a majority and prompting a snap election to be scheduled for February of next year. Indeed, Scholz initially announced he would continue working with The Greens in a minority government and call a confidence vote for January 15th which, if lost, could allow elections to be held in March of 2025 instead of September when they would have happened without the turmoil. However, under pressure from the opposition party, the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), the vote of confidence was pushed to December 11th and, since the government is expected to lose the backing of the parliament, elections have been set for February 23rd according to statements lawmakers and officials from three major parties gave POLITICO. Scholz’s decision to fire Lindner came after months of tensions, mainly regarding the country’s budget policy, since Scholz and the SPD’s left-wing tendencies for government spending on social and environmental policies clash with Lindner and the FDP’s neoliberal advocacy for a free market and a conservative fiscal approach. The governance was therefore certainly not smooth. Last year, for instance, the country found itself in a fiscal scandal when it was discovered that the government had been unlawfully using “special funds” to spend outside the main budget and circumvent the constitutional “debt brake” put in place, which restricts the federal deficit at 35% of GDP, preventing the government from borrowing excessively and amassing debt. After this scandal, the relationships within the coalition kept worsening, as well as public opinion of the government. This year, a week before the events, in the midst of debate on ways to prevent a 10-billion-dollar gap in next year’s budget, a paper written by Lindner listing financial and economic proposals that had not been agreed upon with other parties, including cutting welfare payments, reducing climate protection measures and implementing tax cuts for companies, was madepublic. Lindner then rejected Scholz proposals for the 2025 budget, which included taking out additional debt to bring down energy prices, offer tax benefits to increase investment and increase support for Ukraine. When he addressed the media on the 6th of November, Scholz stated having dismissed Lindner for blocking his economic policies, telling reporters he “showed no willingness to implement any of our proposals” and highlighting the lack of “trust basis for any future cooperation” as he argued that Lindner’s “egoism is totally incomprehensible”. On his side, Lindner reproached Scholz for having demanded a pause on the debt brake.
This political crisis was kickstarted just hours after Donald Trump’s victory in the US elections was announced, an event which not only largely overshadowed the German crisis in the media but could also have even further implications for Germany and the rest of Europe.
Consequences on a national and international scale
Scholz’s government has grown increasingly unpopular in Germany, with Scholz being one of the least popular chancellors ever, according to a CNN opinion poll. In fact, in the European Parliament elections back in June, the traffic light coalition took a blow with Scholz SPD’s recording their worst result in a national vote in over a century, with less than 14% of votes for a party that has been central in the German political landscape for so long. The Greens and the FDP also saw bleak results with 12% and 5% of votes respectively, while the center-right Christian Democrats (CDU), former Chancellor Angela Merkel’s party, were clearly in the lead with more than 30% of the votes. The far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) also emerged with strong results, finishing second with 16%, a gain of 5 percentage points compared to the 2019 EU election, even though the party’s top two candidates for the election were involved in a series of allegations of misconduct involving suspected espionage and potential Russian influence, and the party’s lead candidate, Maximilian Krah, was forced to stop campaigning after he defended members of Hitler’s Waffen-SS as not “automatically” criminals. Far-right AfD, as well as the recently formed and controversial populist far-left BSW, have increasingly captivated voters disappointed with the main parties.
Friedrich Merz, the leader of the opposition right-wing conservative CDU, was the one to pressure Scholz into holding his vote of confidence sooner. Merz is expected to win in the snap election, according to polls where CDU is leading with 32% of support. In contrast with his predecessor Angela Merkel, Merz has highlighted the need to close the country’s borders to asylum seekers and has used his X account to show his dislike for criminal immigrants as well as gender-inclusive vocabulary. The latter clearly benefits from an earlier election considering his party’s current popularity, while the SPD would need more time to improve its standing. In polls, the SPD stands at just 16 percent, behind the far-right AfD. However, because the CDU has vowed not to form a coalition with the AfD, it could be forced to turn to the SPD despite their different ideologies and views on issues like the financial support for the unemployed put in place by the center-left party or their spending on environmental protection, frowned upon by the CDU. Moreover, based on current fragmentation and polls, they will probably need a third party with which to rule with two main contestants being The Greens, who are not at all politically aligned with the CDU, and the FDP, who are a better fit for the latter with their free-market stance, but seemingly not for the SPD. Furthermore, the FDP is at risk as it stands below the threshold they need to make it into the parliament.
To sum all this up, Germany’s political turmoil seems to be set to last even past the election, which may lead to another bumpy coalition.
All the while this has been happening, Ukraine’s situation has worsened with the beginning of the winter months. Its main allies in the EU, France and Germany, are both dealing with political instability. Furthermore, Trump’s win in the US elections has also left Ukraine in a delicate position as the future president threatened to cut US aid to Ukraine and encouraged Russia to “do whatever the hell they want” to any NATO member that fails to pay its defence bills as part of the Western military alliance. Given these circumstances, Germany, who is the second biggest contributor of military aid to Ukraine after the US, is expected to increase its support as well as strengthen its own defence and influence other European nations to do the same. This seems a rather difficult task with the country’s recent political crisis and unpassed budget for 2025 despite both the CDU and the SPD sharing the same stance on increasing support for Ukraine, with the CDU being even more decisive on the matter.
Trump’s victory also has further implications for Germany as the politician has promised to increase tariffs on imported goods, including German cars, which would certainly worsen the already precarious economic situation.
Conclusion
Reflecting on Germany’s journey, makes evident that the nation has skilfully navigated a path from devastation to resilience, emerging as a powerhouse within Europe. However, its current political and economic state reflects the complexities of trying to maintain this status amidst evolving challenges. From shifts in global markets and energy policies to addressing societal issues like integration and climate change, this country finds itself in a difficult situation to get out of. The choices it makes now, grounded in its historical lessons and forward-thinking policies, will not only shape its domestic stability but also influence the broader European and global order.
Sources: “The Economy in Germany.” 2024.; “The German Economic Miracle Post WWII.” Thomasbeard; “Germany’s Economic Growth Challenges – Economist Intelligence Unit.” Economist Intelligence Unit; VisualEconomik; TRADING ECONOMICS; Fair Observer; “Germany Engulfed; The Guardian; IPS; ZDFheute Nachrichten; Dw.Com; POLITICO
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